Heat

absolute tamperature 绝对温标(K)

Internal energy 内能

• Internal Kinetic energy 分子动能
  • 微 Velocity
  • 宏 Temperature
• Internal Potential energy 分子势能(来自分子间力)
  • 微 force of attraction
  • 宏 Volume

heat capacity (c) 比热容

• 把1kg升1摄氏度所需的热量

• latent heat ()

• vaporation () 汽化热

• fusion () 熔化热

把1kg转换状态所需的热量

• bond-breaking -> 吸
• bond forming -> 放

Brownian motion

气体

1. 不变时,成反比
2. 不变时,成正比
3. 不变时,成正比

• 不变,反比 (针筒)
  • ，速度不变->frequency of collision->average force on wall->
• 不变,正比 (水缸)
  • ，速度->frequency of collision->average force on wall->
• 不变,成正比 (气球)
  • ->速度->frequency of collision,average force-> to reduce average force to maintain

热传递

• Conduction 固 要介质(medium)

• Convection 夜+气

• Radiation 真空+任意vacuum

• 良导体 conductor

• 绝缘体 insulator 金属有自由的电子(free electrons)能动

• hot air rises

• cold air sinks

• hot air expand and become less dense

• cold air contract and become more dense

Radiation 辐射

• bright 亮
  • absorb less
  • emit less
• dull 暗
  • absorb more
  • emit more

Calibrate Thermometer